The operation of parking areas and garage complexes is strictly regulated by the state, since the accumulation of a large number of vehicles with flammable liquids creates an increased risk of fire. SP parking lot is a set of rules that determines not only the distances between buildings, but also the technical requirements for utility networks, ventilation and fire protection of structures. Ignoring these standards can lead to tragic consequences, as well as serious fines from supervisory authorities.
Owners of commercial parking lots and owners of parking spaces in residential complexes are required to know the basic principles of fire protection. Modern regulations require an integrated approach: from the selection of building materials to the installation of automatic alarm systems. Functional fire hazard class directly affects which restrictions will be applied to your object. Let's take a closer look at what needs to be considered when designing or inspecting an existing parking lot.
The main document regulating this area is SP 113.13330.2020 “Car Parking”, which is harmonized with Federal Law No. 123-FZ. These documents dictate strict conditions to ensure the safety of people and property. Violation of requirements for fire resistance of structures or incorrect zoning of space often become the reasons for the rapid spread of fire during incidents.
Classification of parking lots and degree of fire resistance
The first step in ensuring safety is to correctly determine the type of parking facility. Standards divide parking lots into open and closed, underground and above ground, which dictates different approaches to protection. Fire resistance degree the building depends on the number of floors and area, as well as on the availability of a ramp for exiting cars. For multi-level underground parking lots, the requirements for load-bearing structures are as high as possible, since evacuation of people from there is difficult.
Materials used in construction must comply with the fire hazard class. For example, above-ground car parks with a height of more than two floors often require structures with a fire resistance rating of at least R 90. Open parking lots with natural ventilation may have less stringent restrictions, but only subject to certain distances to neighboring buildings.
It is important to note that attached garages must be separated from the main part of the building by fire walls and floors. This prevents the fire from spreading to residential or business premises. The fire resistance limit of fire partitions between the parking lot and other premises must be at least REI 45.
⚠️ Attention: The use of flammable insulation in underground parking structures often becomes a hidden cause of rapid smoke. Check certificates for building materials.
The design also takes into account the number of parking spaces. Small parking lots (up to 50 spaces) and large terminals (more than 300 spaces) are subject to different placement and equipment rules. Fire and explosion hazard category for most parking lots it is defined as B1, which requires appropriate precautions.
Requirements for layout and emergency exits
The layout of the parking space should ensure unhindered traffic flow and quick evacuation of people. The width of passages is strictly regulated: for one-way traffic it should not be less than 3.5 meters, and for two-way traffic - 6 meters. Narrow passages not only make maneuvering difficult, but also block the passage of fire equipment in case of an emergency.
The number and width of emergency exits are calculated based on the maximum number of people who can be at the site at the same time. Exits should be dispersed so that if there is smoke in one direction, people can use an alternative route. The distance from the most distant point to the exit should not exceed standard values, usually 25-40 meters depending on the type of parking.
Doors on escape routes must open in the direction of exit from the building and not have locks that cannot be opened from the inside without a key. Smoke protection staircases and corridors are mandatory for underground levels. Smoke-tight airlock vestibules allow you to cut off smoke-filled areas.
Exit light signs must operate in emergency mode from uninterruptible power supplies. In conditions of heavy smoke, visibility drops to almost zero, and navigation is only possible using light signs and markings at floor level. Photoluminescent tapes on the baseboards help to navigate even if the electric lighting fails.
☑️ Checking escape routes
Fire extinguishing and alarm systems
Automatic fire extinguishing systems (AFS) are mandatory for most indoor and underground parking lots. The choice between water, foam or gas systems depends on the number of floors and area of the facility. For multi-level underground parking lots they are most often used sprinkler systems with water filling, as they are effective and relatively safe for people.
The fire alarm system must cover all premises, including technical areas and server rooms. Smoke and heat sensors transmit a signal to the control panel, after which security algorithms are automatically launched: smoke exhausters are turned on, turnstiles are unlocked, fire curtains are lowered. Addressable alarm allows you to accurately determine the location of the fire, which is critical for large areas.
Particular attention is paid to protecting exit ramps. It is through them that combustion products are removed. The power of smoke exhausters is calculated so as to provide a fireproof zone for people and fire crews. Sprinklers in water fire extinguishing systems, they must be located in increments that ensure complete coverage of the floor area with a stream of water.
Check the pressure in the fire extinguishing system piping regularly. A drop in pressure may indicate a hidden leak that will render the system useless at a critical time.
Gas fire extinguishing systems can be used in rooms with electrical equipment or archives located in the parking area, where the use of water is prohibited. However, they are rarely used in vehicle storage areas due to the difficulty of sealing large volumes.
Ventilation and smoke removal
The ventilation system in parking lots performs a dual function: removing exhaust gases during normal operation and removing smoke in case of fire. Mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation must provide an air exchange rate sufficient to maintain a safe concentration of carbon monoxide. In the event of a fire, the system switches to mode flue gas removal.
Air intake devices for the supply system must be located at a distance of at least 10 meters from the exhaust shafts to prevent smoke recirculation. The channels of smoke ventilation systems are made of materials with a high fire resistance limit and are equipped with fire-retarding valves. These valves automatically shut off air flow when a critical temperature is reached, preventing fire from spreading through the ducts.
Automatic ventilation control is connected to fire alarm sensors. When sensors are triggered, regular fans can be turned off, and smoke fans can be turned on at full power. Smoke exhausters must withstand a smoke environment temperature of at least 400°C for a certain time (usually 1-2 hours).
| Parameter | Normal mode | Fire mode |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose of the work | Exhaust gas removal | Removing smoke and heat |
| Temperature | Up to +40°C | Up to +400°C and above |
| Management | By CO/NO2 sensors | By fire alarm |
| Exchange rate | 6-10 times | Estimated smoke level |
For underground levels, the mechanical system has no alternative. Smoke valves must undergo regular opening and closing tests.
Power supply and electrical equipment
Power supply to fire protection systems (FPS) must be carried out according to the first reliability category. This means the presence of two independent power sources and automatic switching to reserve (ATS). Cable lines feeding fire pumps, smoke exhaust fans and elevators for firefighters must be made with fire-resistant cables.
Parking lot lighting networks are divided into working and emergency. Emergency lighting should turn on automatically when the main voltage is turned off and operate for at least 1-3 hours. Emergency lighting fixtures are located above exits, on stairwells and along main escape routes. Illuminated signs must be visible from any part of the corridor.
Sockets for connecting electrical equipment (for example, for charging electric vehicles or connecting heaters) must be protected by residual current circuit breakers. The installation of unauthorized fire sources or powerful heating devices in the vehicle storage area is prohibited.
Features of charging electric vehicles
Installing charging stations in parking lots requires a separate power supply project. It is necessary to take into account the increased load on the network and the risk of thermal runaway of the batteries, therefore such zones are often separated into separate fire compartments with an enhanced fire extinguishing system.
All electrical installations must be grounded, and lightning protection of the building (for the above-ground part) must be carried out in accordance with the category of the object. Regular checks of insulation resistance and the condition of grounding loops are included in the mandatory list of measures.
Features of storage and operation
During the operation of the parking lot, rules must be observed prohibiting the storage of flammable liquids (gasoline in cans), gas cylinders and other hazardous substances in cars and in the parking area. Refueling vehicles with fuel from canisters in the parking area is strictly prohibited. Parking area must be cleared of flammable debris and dry grass.
Repair work using open flame (welding, soldering) is allowed only after a permit has been issued and preparatory measures have been carried out. Primary fire extinguishing equipment must be available in the work area. It is prohibited to warm up car engines in parking spaces for a long time.
Additional restrictions apply for electric vehicle owners. Parking of vehicles with damaged batteries or signs of high-voltage system failure is often prohibited in underground levels. Thermal runaway A lithium-ion battery is almost impossible to extinguish using standard means, so preventive measures are critical here.
⚠️ Attention: Obstructing driveways and places for installing fire equipment with foreign objects or improperly parked cars is a gross violation. This could cost lives in a real fire.
The parking administration is obliged to provide instructions to staff and post evacuation plans in visible places. Primary fire extinguishing agents (fire extinguishers, fire hydrants) must be accessible, complete and have current inspection dates.
Compliance with operating rules is no less important than having working equipment. Human factor remains the main cause of fires in parking lots.
Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
What is the minimum distance from the boundary of a parking lot to a residential building?
The distance depends on the degree of fire resistance of the parking building and residential building, as well as on the number of parking spaces. For open parking lots for up to 10 cars, the distance can be 10 meters; for large underground complexes, the requirements are calculated individually, but usually at least 9-15 meters from the windows of residential premises.
Is it necessary to install an automatic fire extinguishing system in a small garage for 5 cars?
For detached garages and small parking lots (up to 50 parking spaces) in single-level buildings of fire resistance class I and II, the installation of automatic fire extinguishing systems (AFS) is often not required if they are equipped with an automatic fire alarm. However, for underground garages the requirements may be stricter.
Is it possible to store a full tank of gasoline in a canister in a car in a parking lot?
No, storing gasoline and other flammable liquids in containers with a capacity of more than 20 liters in car parks is prohibited by fire safety regulations. This creates excess fire load and risk of explosion.
How often should fire extinguishers be checked in a parking lot?
External inspection of fire extinguishers is carried out at least once a quarter. Complete recharging and checking are carried out within the time limits established by the manufacturer, but at least once a year (for powder ones) or once every 5 years (for some types). The data is entered into the log book.
What to do if the alarm goes off in the parking lot?
You must immediately stop driving, turn off the engine and proceed to the nearest emergency exit, following the light signs. The use of elevators is prohibited. You should report a fire by calling 101 or 112.