Modern urban planning is impossible to imagine without strict regulation of places for storage of vehicles. Document SP 506.1311500.2021 It became the main normative act, replacing the old SNIP 21-02-99*. It determines how parking lots should be designed and built to ensure the safety of people and property. Understanding these rules is necessary not only for designers, but also for developers, as well as business owners planning to create a commercial infrastructure.
The main purpose of the rulebook is to minimize the risk of fires and ensure unhindered evacuation in emergency situations. Unlike previous versions, the new standard takes into account changes in the fleet of the country, where the share of the car is not limited. crossover and SUV It's grown a lot. This required a review of the dimensions of the car seats and the width of the passages. Ignoring these standards can lead to serious fines or even the recognition of the object illegal.
In this article, we will discuss in detail the classification of parking lots, the requirements for distances between buildings and the features of the placement of objects in the urban environment. Special attention will be paid to fire safety issues, as they often become a stumbling block in the coordination of projects. You will learn which parameters are critical and why saving space is not acceptable.
Classification and types of parking
The first step in designing is to determine the type of future object. SP 506.1311500.2021 It clearly divides parking by the way of storage of cars and their capacity. This is a fundamental point, since all subsequent calculations and requirements for engineering systems depend on it. Error classification at the start of the project may require a complete revision of the documentation.
Parking is divided into open (placed on land) and closed (in buildings or structures). Within these categories there is a division into above-ground, underground and combined types. It is important to note that for multistory Parking lots have stricter standards for fire resistance of structures and the presence of smoke removal systems. Smaller land areas may have simplified requirements.
The capacity of an object also plays a key role in determining its class. The regulations set a gradation from small parking lots to giant parking lots for thousands of seats. For large facilities (> 500 spaces) special technical specifications are required if the standard standards cannot be applied in full due to the site features.
- 🚗 Open parking lots: They are placed on planned areas with a hard surface, can be seasonal or year-round.
- 🏢 Closed structures: parking garages where storage is carried out in fully fenced rooms with controlled access.
- 🏗️ Combined types: combine elements of aboveground and underground parking, often found in shopping and entertainment centers.
- 🏠 Built-in and attached: are located in the stylobate part of residential buildings or are a separate annex to an existing building.
Special attention should be paid to the distinction between individual and collective boxes. If the project is laid down isolated In the case of each vehicle with capital walls, the fire safety requirements will differ significantly from the requirements for open floor parking. For parking lots with isolated boxes with a capacity of more than 100 cars, an automatic fire extinguishing system is required.
Accommodation and distances requirements to residential buildings
One of the most pressing issues in the construction of parking lots is the observance of sanitary protection zones. The distance from the parking lot to the windows of residential buildings, schools and hospitals is regulated very strictly. This is necessary to protect residents from noise, exhaust gases and potential fire threat. Violation of these rules is the most common cause of complaints to supervisory authorities.
Minimum distances depend on the parking capacity. For small objects for 10-50 machines, the requirements are more gentle than for large nodes. When designing, it is necessary to take into account not only the horizontal projection, but also the height of the parking building. If the object shields the house from the sun or creates a well, the distances can be increased by decision of the local authorities.
There is a possibility of reducing the normalized distances, but only under certain conditions. For example, if the facade of the parking lot facing the residential house does not have window openings or is made of materials with a high class fire-resistanceYou can shorten the distance. However, such a decision requires justification in the project and often coordination with the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
⚠️ Attention: Parking for cars with engines running on compressed or liquefied gas is allowed only in open areas or on the upper floors of multi-level parking lots, subject to special ventilation requirements.
Restrictions also apply to entry and exit. They should not be located closer than a certain distance from the intersections of streets and entrances to public buildings. This is necessary to ensure pedestrian safety and prevent congestion on the road network. In dense urban areas, this parameter often becomes a limiting factor.
Dimensions of vehicles and width of travel
Ergonomics of parking space is not just a convenience, but a requirement of safety. Too narrow driveways increase the risk of accidents and make it difficult to maneuver in the event of an emergency evacuation. SP 506.1311500.2021 It sets minimum sizes that cannot be reduced even in case of acute shortage of area.
A standard car seat for passenger cars should provide free opening of doors and the possibility of boarding and disembarking passengers. The width and length of the space vary depending on the parking scheme (perpendicular, at an angle, parallel). For category vehicles SUV or minivan is recommended to provide spaces of increased size, although this becomes mandatory only for places intended for low-mobility groups of the population.
The width of the passages inside the parking lot depends on the direction of movement (one- or two-way) and the angle of the parking. For perpendicular parking in two-way traffic, the passage should be much wider than in one-way traffic. Ignoring this rule leads to the fact that cars can not drive away or maneuver without damaging neighboring cars.
☑️ Checking the dimensions of the parking lot
Special requirements are imposed on places for disabled people. They should be located closest to exits and elevators, have an increased width (usually 3.6 m) to ensure the operation of the lifts or open doors from the side. The number of such seats shall be calculated as a percentage of the total capacity, but not less than one.
Fire safety and protection systems
Fire safety is the number one priority in parking garage design. The car contains a large amount of combustible materials (fuel, plastic, rubber), which makes it a potential hotbed of rapid fire spread. Norms SP 506.1311500.2021 They dictate strict requirements for fire resistance of structures and the presence of protection systems.
Classification of buildings by fire hazard depends on the floors and area. For underground parking lots and multi-storey structures (more than 2 floors) almost always require the installation of automatic fire extinguishing units (AWPT). Most often used sprinkler or powder systems, the choice of which depends on the specific engineering task.
Smoke ventilation systems play a critical role in saving lives. In case of fire, the main threat is not fire, but combustion products. Therefore, the presence of smoke shafts, smoke valves and powerful fans of air support in the stairwells is mandatory. These systems shall be started automatically when the smoke detectors are activated.
⚠️ Attention: In underground and closed aboveground parking lots, it is prohibited to store cars with a faulty power supply or power supply system, as well as to refuel cars with fuel from canisters.
Evacuation exits should be dispersed. The distance from the most distant point to the exit should not exceed the normalized values (usually 25-40 meters depending on the hazard class). The doors of the exit exits must be opened in the direction of exit from the building and equipped with the mechanism "Anti-Phanika".
Engineering networks and parking equipment
Modern parking is a complex engineering complex. In addition to storing the car, it requires ventilation, lighting, drainage and electricity. Ventilation It is a key system, especially for closed facilities. It must operate in two modes: permanent (to remove exhaust gases) and emergency (smoke-proof).
The sewage system should provide for the collection and treatment of wastewater before discharge into the urban sewerage. Since oil products and reagents drain from the surface of cars, the use of oil-and-oil-diggers This is a mandatory requirement of environmentalists. Neglecting this leads to huge fines for pollution.
The lighting of the parking lot should be uniform, without dark areas, but do not create glare that blinds drivers. Special lamps with protection from mechanical damage and moisture-protected performances are used. In pedestrian areas, the illumination should be higher than in storage areas.
Electricity requirements
For parking lots of categories I and II of reliability of power supply, two independent power sources are required. For objects with Smoke ventilation and smoke ventilation, a third source is required - a diesel generator or a battery that ensures the operation of the systems for the time necessary for evacuation.
Automation of management processes becomes the standard. Access control, navigation (indicators of free places), video surveillance and payment systems are integrated into a single network. This increases parking capacity and security levels, allowing operators to monitor the situation in real time.
Table of normative distances and parameters
For the convenience of designers and checkers, the main parameters are often reduced to single tables. Below are the basic values, but always check the full text of the updated set of rules, as there may be nuances depending on the specific situation.
| Parameter | Value/Requirement | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Machine seat width (standard) | 2.5 m m m m | Minimum for perpendicular parking |
| Width of the seat (for disabled persons) | 3.6 m m | Keeps lifts running |
| Width of travel (bilateral) | 6.0 m | For a 90 degree angle. |
| Highness of passage in the light | 2.0 m (min) | 2.2-2.3 m is recommended for comfort |
| The slope of the ramp | Not more than 10-15% | Depends on the type of coverage and class |
When designing premium facilities or parking lots in areas with a high proportion of large cars (SUVs, minivans), it is advisable to increase these dimensions. This will reduce accidents and increase the liquidity of parking spaces in the future.
The use of minimum permissible dimensions is justified only in case of extreme space shortage; in commercial projects, increasing the size of the space increases their attractiveness.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can I build a parking lot close to my neighbor’s fence?
No, the minimum distance to the border of the neighboring site is usually 1 meter, but in the presence of windows or depending on the fire resistance of the walls, this distance can increase to 3-6 meters or more according to sanitary standards.
Do I need to agree on a redevelopment if I combine two parking spaces into one?
Yes, any change in the configuration of the car seats, affecting the load-bearing structures or the boundaries of the premises (if the seats are decorated as a separate property), requires project documentation and approval.
Is it allowed to store tires and fuel in an individual garage box?
Storage of fuel in containers with a capacity of more than 20 liters is prohibited. Tyre storage is allowed, but they should not clutter the escape routes and should be stored in metal cabinets or on shelves that do not interfere with passage.
What type of fire resistance should be at the floor of the underground parking lot?
For floors that are floors, the fire resistance requirements are usually at least REI 150, but the exact value depends on the degree of fire resistance of the entire building and its storeys.
Can electric cars be placed on underground floors?
Yes, the placement of electric vehicles is allowed, but the places of their charging and storage are subject to additional requirements for fire safety and battery monitoring systems.