The metro of the capital of Russia is not just a means of transport, but the most complex circulatory system of the metropolis, where millions of people move every day. At the heart of this smooth operation is a huge and constantly updated rolling stock, which includes dozens of modifications of electric trains of different generations. The history of the development of the Moscow subway reflects the technological progress of the entire country, from the first pre-war models to modern trains with asynchronous drives.
Understanding exactly which carriages run underground allows passengers to better navigate the comfort of their trips and predict waiting times during transfers. Specifications type M cars radically different from modern ones Innopolisov, which affects smoothness, noise level and capacity. In this article we will analyze in detail the classification, operating features and prospects for updating the capital’s subway fleet.
Classification of cars by generation and type
The entire fleet of the capital's subway can be divided into several large groups, which differ in the type of traction motor, control system and year of manufacture. The main parameter of separation is the type of drive, which determines the dynamics of acceleration and energy efficiency of the composition. Historically, the metro operated cars with commutator engines, which are gradually being replaced by more modern analogues.
Currently, the basis of the fleet consists of cars of the series 81-717/714 and their deep upgrades known as License plates. These models, created back in the Soviet period, have gone through many stages of updating, which made it possible to extend their service life to 40 years or more. However, their design is gradually giving way to new standards of safety and comfort required by modern passenger flows.
Technical difference between the old and new types of engines
The commutator motors used in old cars required a complex rheostat-contactor control system and created sparking and noise. Asynchronous motors installed on new trains are devoid of a commutator-brush assembly, which makes them more reliable, quieter and energy efficient, also allowing braking energy to be recovered into the network.
The division according to dimensions and body structure deserves special attention. If the old models had a rigid coupling and narrow passages between cars, then the new series are designed with a through passage in mind. This is critical for the distribution of passenger traffic within the train, especially during peak hours, when every square meter of space matters.
Series 81-717/714: the basis of a modern fleet
Over the past decades, the most popular cars in Moscow have been the series 81-717.5/714.5 and their modifications. These trains, often called "numbered" trains, became the workhorse of the system, providing service on the circle and radial lines. Their design is time-tested, and spare parts and repair technologies are worked out to the smallest detail.
An important feature of this series is the possibility of modernization. Many old bodies undergo the procedure capital repairs (KVR), during which the internal equipment is completely replaced, new seats and ventilation systems are installed. Thanks to this, old cars get a second life and are visually little different from new models, although the technical content may vary.
- 🚇 Modifications: There are many options available, including 717.5A, 717.5M and 717.5P, each of which has its own nuances in the control system and interior.
- 🚇 Interior: The salon is equipped with soft sofas located along the sides, which is traditional for the Moscow seating scheme.
- 🚇 Reliability: The design is highly maintainable and resistant to overloads during peak hours.
Despite the age of the basic design, these trains remain in service thanks to constant upgrades. Passengers may notice differences in interior trim: from classic beige plastic to more modern materials with anti-vandal coating. The lighting system has also evolved from fluorescent lamps to energy-saving LED solutions.
New generation trains: Moscow, Oka and Innopolis
Since the 2010s, an active fleet renewal program began, which resulted in the emergence of new generation trains. The first-born was the series 81-760/761 "Oka"followed by "Moscow" (81-765/767/768) and the latest "Innopolis". These compounds were developed taking into account modern requirements of ergonomics, safety and energy efficiency.
The main visual and functional difference of the new trains was the through passage between the cars. This solution made it possible to increase the useful area of the train and speed up the disembarkation and embarkation of passengers. Instead of traditional vestibules, wide transition platforms are now used, which visually unites the entire train into a single space.
A new air conditioning system is installed inside the cabins, which works much more efficiently than in older models. The seats are made of composite materials with an antibacterial coating, and their shape contributes to more efficient use of space. Dynamic maps lines above the doors allow passengers to track the movement of the train and the time until transfers in real time.
⚠️ Attention: On new trains, the doors close faster and have sensitive edges. Do not try to hold the closing door with your hands or bag - this may result in injury or delay of the train at the station.
The technical equipment of these machines has also stepped far forward. The use of an asynchronous traction drive has reduced the noise level in the cabin and reduced energy consumption. The driver's cabin has become more ergonomic, which reduces operator fatigue and increases traffic safety.
Retro rolling stock and museum exhibits
The Moscow metro carefully preserves its history, and from time to time passengers can encounter retro trains on the lines. Most often this happens on holidays or during special promotions. Recreated trains are especially popular type A and type G, which opened the first subway lines in the 1930-50s.
These trains are distinguished by a unique design: wooden interior trim, brass handrails, characteristic shapes of windows and doors. Technically, they are often modern carriages, stylized as antique, or carefully restored originals, approved for use with restrictions. Their appearance always arouses keen interest among photographers and transport history buffs.
In addition, the Sokol and Severnoye depots house museum exhibitions where you can see rare examples of equipment. Some of them, for example, a carriage type D ("Khrushchevka"), have long been the main workhorses of the metro, and now serve as a reminder of the past.
If you want to photograph a retro train, follow the official announcements on the metro’s Telegram channel - their release schedules change and are often timed to coincide with specific dates, such as Metro Day or City Day.
Specifications and comparison of models
To deeply understand the differences between types of rolling stock, you need to look at the numbers. Technical parameters determine not only the speed of passenger delivery, but also the capacity of the line as a whole. Modern requirements dictate the need to increase the number of seats and improve acceleration dynamics.
Below is a comparative table of the main characteristics of various types of cars operated in Moscow. Data may vary slightly depending on the specific modification and year of manufacture of the composition.
| Parameter | 81-717.5 (Number) | 81-760 "Oka" | 81-765 "Moscow" | 81-780 "Innopolis" |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Engine type | Collector | Asynchronous | Asynchronous | Asynchronous |
| Seating | 48-52 | 56 | 52 | 54 |
| Pass-through | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Air conditioning system | Supply ventilation | Full | Full | Improved |
As can be seen from the table, evolution is aimed at introducing an asynchronous drive and creating a through passage. Innopolis trains are the first in Moscow equipped with a facial recognition system for entering the driver's cabin and an improved fire extinguishing system. This makes them the safest and most technologically advanced option at the moment.
The transition to new models is also associated with changes in infrastructure. Depots must be equipped with new equipment to service asynchronous motors and complex electronics. This requires retraining of personnel and the purchase of specialized tools.
Development prospects and fleet renewal
Development plans for the Moscow metro provide for the complete abandonment of cars with commutator engines by 2028-2030. They are being replaced not only by new models "Moscow" and "Innopolis", but even more advanced modifications are being developed. The main emphasis is on digitalization and integration with the city’s unified transport system.
The introduction of automatic train guidance systems, which are already being tested in some areas, is expected. This will increase the frequency of movement and the accuracy of stopping at platforms. In addition, work continues to improve energy efficiency: Brake Energy Regeneration is becoming standard, saving significant amounts of electricity.
☑️ Criteria for selecting new rolling stock
An important aspect is the recycling of old rolling stock. Metal, plastic and electronics from old carriages are recycled and reused. This is part of the city's environmental strategy aimed at reducing the impact of transport on the environment.
⚠️ Attention: When modernizing tracks and depots for new trains, the dimensions of equipment often change. Passengers should be careful when boarding in new areas, as the gaps between the platform and the carriage may differ from usual.
Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
Why do new trains have fewer seats?
Designers sacrifice the number of seats to increase the overall capacity of the cabin and create a through passage. This allows you to accommodate more standing passengers, which is more important in the Moscow metro, since the average travel time is less than 20 minutes.
Will the old "numbered" cars be completely withdrawn?
Yes, the fleet renewal program involves the gradual replacement of all 81-717/714 series cars with models with asynchronous drive. The process is already in full swing, and the share of old compounds is decreasing every year.
What is the main advantage of pass-through?
The through passage allows passengers to be evenly distributed throughout the train, avoiding crowding at the doors. In addition, it improves visibility and sense of space, and simplifies the work of inspectors and security services.
Is it possible for the driver to open the doors in the tunnel?
No, opening the doors is possible only when the train comes to a complete stop at the station and receives the appropriate signal from the automation. In new trains, this system is duplicated and controlled by a computer to eliminate the human factor.
Updating rolling stock is not just replacing old cars with new ones, but a comprehensive modernization of the entire transport ecosystem, affecting the speed, safety and comfort of millions of passengers.