Building a garage is not just the construction of walls, but the creation of a full-fledged protective shelter for your car, where you can find a safe place to live. roof-top It plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the structure. Unlike flat floors, the pitched system provides a natural runoff of water and snow, which is critical for the longevity of the structure in a variable climate. Properly designed angle of inclination avoids the accumulation of heavy snow masses that can deform the frame or lead to leaks.
The choice in favor of a gable structure is often due to the possibility of organizing loft-roomIt can be used for tool storage, seasonal rubber or conservation. This solution is not only functional, but also aesthetically attractive, harmoniously fitting into the overall architectural ensemble of the site. However, in order to make the result happy for years, it is necessary to strictly observe the installation technology and correctly calculate the load on the load-bearing elements.
In this article, we will discuss in detail all the stages of creating a reliable roof, starting with theoretical calculations and ending with laying the finishing coating. You will learn how to choose the optimal angle of inclination, which materials are better suited for raft-system How to avoid common mistakes made by beginners when building independently.
Design and calculation of roof parameters
The first stage of any construction is competent design, which determines not only the appearance, but also the stability of the entire structure. Skat angle This is a parameter that directly depends on the chosen roofing material and climatic features of the region. For example, slate or shingles require steeper stingrays to allow for rapid water runoff, whereas soft roofing can be laid on gently flat surfaces.
In the calculation, it is necessary to take into account snow-loadIt is characteristic of your area, as it dictates the section of the beams and the step of installing the rafters. If you live in a region with heavy snowfall, the angle of inclination should be large enough so that the snow does not linger on the surface. Otherwise, the weight of the snow cover may exceed the estimated strength of the frame.
It is also important to determine the type of truss system: hung or hung. Elephant rafters are supported by a central load-bearing wall or supports, which allows for large spans to be covered, but requires an internal capital wall. The suspension system is based only on mauerlat (support bar on the walls) and puff, which is ideal for garages up to 6 meters wide without internal partitions.
⚠️ Never ignore the calculation of wind load, especially if the garage is in open areas. Gusts of wind can tear off an insufficiently fixed roof, even if the snow load is calculated correctly.
For accurate determination of the amount of materials, it is recommended to draw up a detailed diagram indicating all the sizes and nodes of the connection. Using specialized software or online calculators will help to avoid errors in arithmetic and save the budget for the purchase of surplus.
Selection of materials for the truss system
The basis of any roof is its frame, which must withstand the weight of the coating, precipitation and gusts of wind. The most popular and traditional material is softwoodIt has good strength and resistance to rotting when properly processed. Most often used pine or spruce, passed chamber drying, which minimizes the risk of deformation of elements during operation.
The section of the rafters beam is selected based on the length of the span and the step of the installation. For a standard garage with a length of 6 meters and a width of 4 meters, the best solution will be a board with a cross section of 50×150 mm or 50×200 mm. It is important that the material is first-classNo deep cracks, knots or traces of insect damage.
In addition to wood, in modern construction, metal profiles are increasingly used, such as: profile-pipe or LSTK (light steel thin-walled structures). Metal frame does not rot, does not shrink and has a high load-bearing capacity with less weight, but requires high-quality anti-corrosion protection and welding skills during installation.
All wooden elements must be processed before assembly antiseptic and flame retardants. The first protect against mold and carpenter beetles, and the second increase the fire resistance of the structure, slowing the spread of flames in the event of a fire.
To connect the elements, various metals are used: nails, screws, bolts and special tooth plates. The choice of fastener depends on the type of connection and the load that the unit will carry. The use of rusty or low-quality metals is unacceptable, as this can lead to a weakening of the design over time.
Installation of mauerlat and installation of rafters
The assembly of the frame begins with the laying of the mauerlat - a support bar, which distributes the load from the roof to the walls of the garage. The beam usually has a cross section of 150×150 mm or 200×200 mm and is attached to the upper end of the walls with anchor bolts or studs laid even when laying bricks or pouring the armoposse. Between the brick and the tree must be laid a layer. waterproofingMost often ruberoid to prevent capillary moisture sucking.
After fixing the mauerlat, they begin to install the truss legs. If a suspension system is chosen, then it is more convenient to assemble farms on the ground, and then lift the finished triangles up with a winch or crane. This ensures high geometry accuracy and speeds up the installation process at height.
Each farm is set strictly on the level and temporarily fixed by slanting until the final fastening. The step of installing rafters is usually from 0.6 to 1 meter, which depends on the cross section of the board and the planned weight of the roofing pie. It is important to observe the parallelity of all elements, since distortions can lead to problems when laying the crate and finishing.
☑️ Stages of frame installation
The upper ends of the rafters are joined in the skate, which is the highest point of the roof. To strengthen the structure in the upper part is installed skating bar or use special metal plates. In the lower part of the rafters are based on the mauerlat, and to prevent their driving under the influence of the load is mounted puff (horizontal jumper).
Crate and waterproofing device
After installing the truss system, it is the turn to create a basis for the roofing material - crates. The type of crate (solid or sparse) is chosen depending on the type of finishing. For soft shingles, roll materials and ondulin, a solid flooring of moisture-resistant plywood or OSP plate is required, providing a smooth and rigid surface.
If you plan to use metal roofing, flooring or slate, then a sparse crate of a board 25-30 mm thick or a bar of 50×50 mm is enough. The step of the crate must strictly correspond to the wavelength of the metal roof or the size of the slate so that the fasteners fall into the body of the board, and not into the void.
A critically important element is waterproofing filmwhich is placed directly on the rafters under the crate. It protects the insulation and wooden structures from condensation formed on the inside of the roof, as well as from accidental leaks. The film is laid with a sagging of about 2 cm between the rafters to provide ventilation and water runoff, and the overflow of the canvases should be at least 15 cm.
| Roofing material | Crate type | Step crate | Necessity of waterproofing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metal tile | Sparse | 350 mm (centre wave) | I'll be sure. |
| Soft shingles | Complete (SWAp/Fanera) | — | I'll be sure. |
| slate | Sparse (timber) | 500-600 mm | Preferably. |
| Fresh-natil | Sparse | Depends on the wave height. | I'll be sure. |
To create an effective ventilation-gap The counterbars are filled on top of the waterproofing along the rafters. This allows air to circulate under the roof, removing excess moisture and preventing the wood from rotting. Without this gap, the service life of wooden structures can be reduced by several times.
Roofing laying
The final stage of construction is the installation of roofing material, which determines the appearance of the garage and its protection from precipitation. When working with metal-tile or profnastil sheets are stacked in rows, starting from the lower angle of the slope, opposite to the prevailing wind direction. Fixing is carried out by special screws with a rubber washer, which are screwed into the wave depression so as not to damage the coating.
Soft bitumen shingles are laid on a solid flooring, starting with the cornice of the bar. Each row is shifted relative to the previous one by half the petal, creating a characteristic pattern. The peculiarity of this material is that under the influence of the sun, the edges of the shingles are slightly melted and glued together, forming a monolithic waterproof carpet.
Secrets of metal roofing installation
When attaching sheets of metal tile screws can not be pulled. If the rubber washer is strongly compressed, it will quickly lose elasticity and crack, which will lead to leakage. The washer should only slightly press against the metal, retaining the shape of the ring.
Particular attention should be paid to the places of adjoining, cornices and skate. Additional additional elements are installed here: wind slats, droppers and skate aerators. The horse of the gabled roof of the garage must necessarily have ventilation holes or special elements to ensure the release of moist air from the underroof space.
All work on laying the coating must be carried out in dry weather, as the wet surface becomes slippery, and some materials (for example, soft shingles) require certain temperature conditions for high-quality sealing.
Insulation and vapor insulation of the garage roof
If the garage is planned to be used as a workshop or a room for a long stay, the roof must be insulated. Thermal insulation material, most often mineral-wool or stone slabs, fit into the space between the rafters. The thickness of the insulation depends on the climatic zone and is usually from 100 to 200 mm.
For this purpose, the room is installed vapor-insulating membraneThis prevents the penetration of warm moist air from the garage into the insulation. Wet cotton loses its thermal insulation properties and becomes heavy, creating an extra load on the rafters.
Steam insulation film is attached to the rafters from the inside with a small tension, the joints of the canvases are glued with special tape to ensure the tightness of the contour. On top of the vapor insulation, a crate is stuffed for interior decoration, for example, a trim or drywall, leaving a ventilation gap.
⚠️ Warning: When installing vapor insulation, monitor the integrity of the film. Even a small break or poorly glued joint can become a bridge for moisture, which will lead to the formation of condensation and mold inside the structure.
High-quality insulation of the garage roof allows to significantly reduce heat loss in winter and overheating of the room in summer, creating comfortable conditions for work and storage of the car.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the minimum angle of inclination for a garage roof?
The minimum angle depends on the material. For metal roofing - at least 14 degrees, for slate - from 20 degrees, for soft shingles, from 11 degrees is allowed. The optimal angle is 30-45 degrees for effective snowmelt.
Do I need to treat the tree with flame protection?
Yes, it is a mandatory requirement of fire safety and durability. Antiseptic treatment protects against fungus and insects, and flame retardants increase resistance to fire. The procedure should be repeated every 5-10 years depending on the composition.
Can I make a gable roof on the garage from foam blocks without armopods?
It's highly discouraged. The foam block is a fragile material, and the point load from the rafters can split the blocks. Be sure to install a reinforced concrete armoposse on top of the walls for a uniform distribution of the weight of the roof.
What ventilation to choose for a garage roof?
The most effective natural supply and exhaust ventilation. The airflow is provided through cornice overhangs, and the output is through skating aerators or deflectors. This prevents condensation from forming all year round.
Which is cheaper: a flat or double roof?
Flat roof is cheaper in materials, but gable roof is more durable and reliable in operation. Savings on flat roofing are often offset by the cost of frequent repairs and leaks in the future.